The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Definition of Offering :

1. The act of making an offer.
2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.
3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.
4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.

Offering to older people:

• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
• Would you care for some salad ?

Offering to friends:

• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Accepting an offer:

• Thank you
• Yes, please
• I’d like it very much
• Thank you, I would
• That would be very nice

Declining an offer:

• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t. Thank you.
• Not for me, thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry. 

 Example the dialog:

Mother : You look very exhausted. Where are you from dear?
Roy      : I've just come back from hunting.
Mother : I see. Would you like to drink some juice?
Roy      : Yes, Mother. Thank you.

DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

INDIRECT SPEECH

Indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech

For example:

Direct speech   :"I'm going to the cinema", he said.

Indirect speech : He said he was going to the cinema. 

TENSE CHANGE

No	DIRECT SPEECH		INDIRECT SPEECH
	Tenses	Direct Sentence	Tenses	Indirect Sentence
1	Simple Present	Peter said, “I eat rice.”	Simple Past	Peter said that he ate rice.
2	Present Continuous	Peter said, ”I am eating rice.”	Past Continuous	Peter said that he was eating rice.
3	Present Perfect	Peter said, “I have eaten rice.”	Past Perfect	Peter said that he had eaten rice.
4	Present Perfect Continuous	Peter said, “I have been eating rice.”	Past Perfect Continuous	Peter said that he had been eating rice.
5	Simple Past	Peter said, “I ate rice.”	Past Perfect	Peter said that he had eaten rice.
6	Future	Peter said, “I will eat rice.”	Conditional	Peter said that he would eat rice.
7	Future Continuous	Peter said, ”I will be eating rice.”	Conditional Continuous	Peter said that he would be eating rice.
8	Modal	Peter said, “I can eat rice.”	Past Modal	Peter said that he could eat rice.

when we want to report what someone said , we don’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by “that clause”


Example  :
my  father said that she got up at 4 o’clock

Singkat kata, Asking for information adalah tata cara bertanya dan lebih dikenal dengan 5W+1H 
(Sering ada di buku Bahasa Indonesia)

THE USE OF WH-QUESTIONS

What   - Apa

When  - Kapan

Where - Dimana

Why    – Kenapa/Mengapa

Who    - Siapa

How    - Bagaimana

 COMBINED WITH TO BE
(Is, Are, Were, Was)
 
What is … Your name?
When were … You born?
Where are … They?
Why were … They here?
Who are … Those people?
How … About you? 

COMBINED WITH AUXILIARY VERBS OR MODALS
(Do, Does, Did, Shall, Might)
 
What do … You do?
When did … You come
Where shall … we meet?
Why does … She cry?
Who might … Get my lost pen?
How could … It be?

GUESSING:
 
I’d say … I know where to find the book
It could be … somewhere in the library
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student 

Information about Price What are you asking for this?\

What does this sell for?

How much is it?

How much does it run?

This (one) sells for $5900.

This one goes for $2900.

This one is priced at $9695.

Construction

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…


Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English
1. What is this? This is a table
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.

Information about company
What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

Information about products
Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price
What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

Definition :

Descriptive text is a text used to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

General Structure:
▪ Identification : identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
▪ Description   : gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features :

▪Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process
▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text : Borobudur Temple

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu – Buddhist temple. It was build in the ninth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Buddhist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. 

Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the center of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and stairways. The design of Borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.

• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

 In the Indo-European languages (such as English), only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:

• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."

• the imperative mood (giving a command); e. g., "Come here!", "Be a good boy!"
• the subjunctive mood (typically used in dependent clauses); e. g., "It is required that he go to the back of the line." (The indicative form would be "goes".)
• the optative mood (expressing a wish or hope). Non-existent as a mood in English.

Verb forms that are not finite include:

• the infinitive
• the participles (e. g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• the gerund (e. g., "I like swimming.")
• the gerundive
• the supine

It might seem that every grammatically complete sentence or clause must contain a finite verb. However, sentences lacking a finite verb were quite common in the old Indo-European languages. The most important type of these are nominal sentences.Another type are sentence fragments described as phrases or minor sentences. In Latin and some Romance languages, there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as Latin ecce, Portuguese eis, French voici and voilà, and Italian ecco, all of these translatable as here ... is or here ... are. Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

IN OTHER WORDS ::
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural).

For example:-
I live in Germany. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: At, In, On

We use :

-         At for a precise time

-         In for months, years, centuries and long periods

-         On for days and dates…

Prepositions with articles and locations

When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc.

Important notes:

In:

1. Use “in” with spaces

2. Use “in” with the bodies of water

3. Use “in” with lines

At:

1. Use “at” with places

2. Use “at” with places on a page

3. Use “at” in groups of people

On:

1. Use “on” with surfaces

2. Use “on” with small islands

3. Use “on” with directions

Example:

1. I stayed on Malaska

2. I have a meeting at 9 pm

3. In Malaska, it often snows in March

 Expression Of Surprise

Expression of surprise is a feeling caused by something happening suddenly or unexpectedly.

 Example Of Surprises:

Ana: "Hi, What are you talking?

Bobby: "Oh you Ana.. We are talking about You..You the winner of Sains Olympiad. "

Ana: "wow. What a surprise..."

Bobby: "Yeah you are the winner.. Good Job friend..."

Ana: "Oh booby. Thank you.."

Bobby: "It's Ok.."

Here are some expressions of surprise

Expressing surprise	Responding
Wow! What a surprise!	Yeah!
That’s a surprise!	It is
That’s very surprising!	Yup!
Really?	Positively!
What?	It’s true
Are you serious? You must be joking	I’m serious
You’re kidding!	No, I’m not
Fancy that!	It is
I must say it surprises me	Does it?

When you got surprising fact, you can say:

·         Do you know what?

·         Believe it or not?

·         You may not believe it, but.....

·         Can you believe this?

        

Expression Of Disbelief

Expression of Disbelief is an expressing to refust or be unable to belief something or somebody.

 Example Of Disbelief..

Rara: "Hi guys..."

Ina: "Hi Ra... What happen?"

Rara: "Ina... Jesse come back from Bandung.."

Ina: "Are you sure, Ra..? I don't believe that your information.."

Rara: "Ina that's real. Jesse come back. This afternoon he's back.."

Ina: "Oh Ra, Thank's for your information.. I must make a party tonight.." 

Expressing Disbelief

I don’t believe it

I can’t believe it

It’s really unbelievable

How could it be?